The Dangers of Militarism Posted by Shadi Hamid

I finally read Robert Kaplan’s rather intriguing pro-militarism piece in The Wall Street Journal, from last week. Kaplan makes what seems, at least in the first few paragraphs, a somewhat sensible argument. But, on closer inspection, it is also a dangerous one. Liberals, always looking for new ways to reaffirm their “toughness,” are at greatest risk of falling for this type of ra-ra martial posturing. Kaplan’s argument is that while we may “love” the troops, in a kind of pitying condescension, we no longer honor the troops for what they do, that we see them more as victims than heroes. He is referring to “traditional heroism, of the kind celebrated from Herodotus through World War II.” 

Kaplan is a nationalist, not in the liberal internationalist sense, but more in the Greco-Roman sense of idealizing the nation – as a territory, as a sacred ground to be defended - rather than the ideas, or ideals, the nation purports to hold. Kaplan, like many on the Right, longs for something worth fighting for. But in place of a cause (causes, after all, change and inevitably lose salience), he has resorted to honoring the fight itself, the very act of being a warrior. There is something primal about this, and one gets the sense in some of his other work that one of the few things he envies the Muslim world for is its (purported) willingness to sacrifice and die for something, anything.

The fact of the matter is that the kind of heroism Kaplan longs for is intimately tied, if not in intent then in effect, to the kind of militarism that has plagued, to great detriment, the post-9/11 American psyche. Apparently, this more than momentary lapse hasn’t been enough for Kaplan. He wants more, even though the last six years have, not surprisingly although perhaps ironically, coincided with one of the most precipitous declines in American power and influence in recent memory.

In any case, Kaplan answers his own question, saying that “feeling comfortable with heroes requires a lack of cynicism toward the cause for which they fight.” This cynicism, however, is precisely what protects us from dashing unprepared into wars of choice. We certainly could have used more cynicism in 2002-3, in the run-up to the Iraq war. And, still, we can use more of it now, in light of the recent Iran resolution passed by congress, an incredibly inane piece of legislative stupidity, which sounds to me and many others like the very dangerous declaration of intent it most certainly is and its Republican authors want it to be. If this cynicism, which in my view is the very lifeblood of democracy, translates into loving the troops rather than “honoring” them, so be it. Of course, we shouldn’t even begin to accept Kaplan’s definition and usage of the word “honor.” To honor is not to, and shouldn’t be, to suspend judgment, reason, and our willingness to criticize our own actions. In Peter Beinart’s words, “it is precisely our recognition that we are not angels that makes us exceptional.” This – the understanding that while we may be good in some abstract sense, we are not, and cannot be, inherently good – I suspect, is the major point of distinction between liberal interventionists and neo-conservatives.

Comments

[Michael Cohen]

Shadi, on your final point, one can believe in the inherent goodness of America - and it have nothing to do with ones perspective on foreign policy. The notion that beliving in the inherent goodness of America as a nation and an idea is the perview of only neo-conservatives does injustice to those progressives (such as myself) who believe in the goodness of America, but don't share the neo-conservatives toxic views. I think America is an inherently good nation - it doesn't mean I think we should go around invading other nations.

[Shadi Hamid]

Michael, it may be an issue of phrasing, but I'm not sure. I guess part of the problem is that I'm unclear what you mean by America is an "inherently good nation." What does it mean to be inherently good? Perhaps more importantly, what are the implications that flow from such a statement?

[Michael Cohen]

You can see below what I wrote a few weeks ago. For the record, inherently good is not my phrasing - it came from our favorite person, Glenn Greenwald and was really an off-hand remark I made in a blog post.

2) No nation is perfect and America has its flaws. Of course we have acted badly, it would be disingenuous to deny that and it pains me to no end that we have acted badly in Iraq and Guantanamo. However, I don't for a second believe that Abu Ghraib, as just one example, reflects what America is really about and I hope you don't either. The many good acts performed by the vast majority of our soldiers in Iraq is in my view, far more indicative of the basic goodness that defines this nation and its people.

3) Yes, I believe that America is inherently good. That goodness, if you will, comes from the basic values that I believe underpin this nation, from not only our founding documents and in particular the Bill of Rights, but from the ongoing efforts to ensure the spread of freedom and opporunity to all our citizens. If you think this sounds hackneyed that is your right - you have as much right to hate America as I do to love it, but I apologize to no one for my patriotism and basic faith in America and its people.

4) I'm not going to get into a debate about whether other nations are also inherently good. Most of course are. But I don't live in other nations, I live here and I wouldn't feel comfortable passing judgment.

AND THIS:

What I believe makes America great is the corrective nature of our democracy. It's amazing to consider that we were founded by a bunch of white male, landowners who condoned and allowed slavery and prevented half of all Americans from enjoying their full political rights. Yet, they put in place a political system based on a set of universal values that eventually would ensure the full realization of civil rights for all Americans. Over 230 years we have constantly improved and bettered ourselves as a nation - due in large measure to the political values instilled in our Constitution and Declaration of Independence. This doesnt make us better than other countries, it just speaks, in my view, to the inherent good that is grounded in our founding documents and the values therein.

(On a personal note, let me also add that the political orthodoxy assigned to me by some of these posts is completely absurd. If you think I am comfortable with Gitmo, warrantless surveillance, Abu Ghraib, CIA black prisons or the war in Iraq you havent been reading my posts and frankly you know nothing about me. The notion that believing in America's inherent goodness is synonomous with supporting those un-American policies is something that I find highly offensive. One can believe in the inherent good of America and still be a progressive/liberal/Democrat. In fact, I would argue they go hand-in -hand.)

[The Confidence Man]

Shadi, I think you're misunderstanding and misusing the word "cynicism." I believe what you're looking for is "skepticism."

We had entirely too *much* cynicism (on both sides of the aisle) in the runup to Bush's invasion of Iraq.

[Eric Martin]

But Michael, is it "inherent" goodness or "contingent" goodness?

If inherent, then American could scrap the Bill of Rights - indeed the entire Constitution - revert back to slavery and adopt a brutish fascistic militarism...but still be good by dint of some inherent quality that is intrinsic and immutable.

This is a semantic exercise, for sure, but one that may be more than mere hair-splitting.

You seem to be nipping around the edges of acknowledging this differentiation, but then you slip back into muddled definitions (or so it seems to me).

I should add that, contrary to your crude phrasing, the opposite of viewing America as inherently good is not "hating America." Rather, one could view the institutions that we have embraced - to varying degrees throughout our history - as inherently good, thus recognizing the contingent nature of our own "goodness" without hating America.

We are good so long as we embrace those institutions, and when we don't we are not good because it is not an inherent trait, but rather one that is dependent on our actual actions.

[mason]

I think America is an inherently good nation

Would someone please explain to me what "America is an inherently good nation" means, exactly? What, exactly, does 'nation' refer to? How, exactly, is that entity 'inherently good'?

[Michael Cohen]

Eric, you're right. I didn't meant to suggest that opposite of believing America is inherently good is hating America. In fact, after initially writing that comment, I immediately corrected it. It was an incorrect and hastily crafted formulation.

However, I think you miss my point - the Bill of Rights and Consitution is what I believe makes America inherently good: scrapping them would actually run counter to everything I've stated and everything that makes me believe America is inherently good. What makes us good is not something inherent in living on the North American landmass - it is, in my view, the guiding principles of our our founding documents.

[Eric Martin]

Gotcha Michael. I think I see where you're coming from, but am not quite sure yet.

To clarify, you said this:

What makes us good is not something inherent in living on the North American landmass - it is, in my view, the guiding principles of our our founding documents.

OK, it's not geographical location that makes us inherently good. But we are, nevertheless, inherently good? That still troubles me.

Just so we're clear, a definition:

in·her·ent - adjective: existing in someone or something as a permanent and inseparable element, quality, or attribute.

While I agree with you that our more exalted guiding principles (justice, freedom, human rights, tolerance) are inherently good, I'm not so sure that "we" are. We are good when we espouse them, we aren't good when we don't. Living in America gives you access to such goodness, but not everyone takes advantage. There is no "permanent" or inherent quality to our goodness.

Which is what you seem to be saying half the time until it you get to the verge of reaching the expected conclusion, and then you flip back on the "inherent" train.

I know this might sound pedantic, but there is a method to my meticulousness. Many Americans (and indeed, members of other nations, tribes, groups, etc), believe that their group is "good" right or wrong. That is, that there is an intrinsic, inherent goodness that comes with membership (citizenship in the present example) and membership alone. You seem unwilling to completely part ways with that conception of goodness.

Am I missing something/misconstruing your point (wouldn't be the first time, I acknowledge)

[Eric Martin]

Hey Michael: While I have you on the line, could I also ask that someone over at Dem Arsenal update the blogroll.

"Liberals Against Terrorism" changed names and URLs about a year ago (maybe more).

We're now: American Footprints, but we'd love to stay in the 'roll.

http://americanfootprints.com/drupal/

Cheers.

[Dan Kervick]

This debate about America's inherent goodness or lack thereof strikes me as arid, unimportant and lacking in significant content.

America is what America does. It is the sum total of the actions of many millions of people. Those people act and move in a large variety of often contradictory directions. Every day they produce lots of scattered good and lots of scattered evil. To say America or any other country is "inherently good" strikes me as a way of saying there is something like the "true spirit of America", and that spirit is good. Such an attitude seems superstitious to me - no less superstitious than saying America is "inherently bad". America might be at any given time a net generator of good or a net generator of evil, but there is no nation-spirit or permanent national essence in which goodness or evil as such might inhere.

The persistance of this sort of spiritualized or Platonized nationalism among the educated is perhaps a disorder of the modern, secular era. Lacking a traditional religion, some would elevate America itself into an object of idolatrous worship, and agonize and argue about the nation's soul. But there is no such thing.

Nor is it necessary to have a faith in the nation's inherent goodness in order to work effectively to try to get it to be as good as possible.

[kb]

"don't for a second believe that Abu Ghraib, as just one example, reflects what America is really about "

And it is very easy to announce that america is "an inherently good nation" isn't it. All you have to do is claim that ,for example, despite slavery, or segregation, or the occupation of the Philippines,or the genocide of the indians, or supporting the dictators in central america , or the mexico american war , or the invasion of iraq , or abu ghraib, or flight iran air 655 , or the cia supplying Sukarno with lists of 'communists' , or whatever atrocity happens to be in the press at the time, that it isn't " what America is really about" and hey america is a really GOOD nation......

[Michael Cohen]

I have to be honest, to some extent I've tired of this debate. And I think my last few posts pretty much lay out how I feel about this issue.

Some guy in Colorado wrote an op-ed that was distributed around the country claiming that I believe America's inherent goodness as a nation justifies our "imperial adventures" around the world. I of course dont believe that at all, but it seems to matter what I say on this topic it gets miscontrued. So forgive me for being a little gun shy about this debate.

I suppose I will give this one more try, at the very least to be respectful to those who have made comments, but honestly I'd like to move on.

First, I should say I dont really understand Eric's question so he wants to ping me off line I'd be happy to discuss. I do think that he is confusing the American nation with the individuals in that nation. Of course not all Americans are inherently good. That's why we have prisons . . . and elections. But, I do think that the values and ideals which inform our nation are ones that Americans can be proud of and ones that when fully realized are inherently good.

As I've said repeatedly, I believe the founding principles of this nation are what makes America an inherently good nation. We were founded with a political system, an adherence to the rule of law an appreciation for the rights of the individual that was at the time revolutionary in human history and that, in my view, provides the greatest opportunity for the realization of mankind's potential.

Have we always lived up to those principles. Of course not. Have we acted badly, have we committed terrible crimes - yes. Slavery being the most obvious and odious example. Can some snarky, anonymous commenter come up with examples of bad things that America has done and completely misconstrue what I have written? Absolutely.

However, I believe that our ability to tackle those challeneges is made possible by the founding ideals and institutions of this nation. American democracy is at its core fundamentally self-correcting and in a very real sense that is the genius of American democracy.

Lincoln's response to the argument, advanced by Justice Taney in the Dred Scott case, that if the founders really meant that all men were created equal, they would have freed blacks right then and there in 1776 in instructive in this regard:

They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality, nor yet, that they were about to confer it immediately upon them. In fact they had no power to confer such a boon. They meant simply to declare the right, so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit.

They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society, which should be familiar to all, and revered by all; constantly looked to, constantly labored for, and even though never perfectly attained, constantly approximated, and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence, and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people of all colors everywhere.

The realization of civil rights for all Americans, which is really the story of 20th century America, would not have been possible without the institutions and national values put in place by our founding fathers. Indeed, our ability to even have this conversation is a result of decisions made by individuals more than 230 years ago.

For all the examples people can point to of bad things that America has done, I can point to equally resonant examples of brave, courageous Americans who stood up for what they belived in and strove to help America live up to its founding ideals. Indeed, it is why so many of us are engaged in progressive causes - because we believe in what this country can be and that America can, in the words of King, live out the true meaning of its creed.

In a sense then whether we believe America is inherently good is irrelevant. As Dan wrote above, "Nor is it necessary to have a faith in the nation's inherent goodness in order to work effectively to try to get it to be as good as possible." Agreed. I happen to believe that American is an inherently good nation; many of you don't. That's fine. But we all share a similar goal - to make America better and to ensure that it truly lives up to its founding ideals. Maybe on this point we can all agree . . . and move on!

[Mike M.]

Michael,

Your response is great. And of course you're not saying that your faith in the founding principles of the country justifies imperialism or anything of the sort.

You are, however, too soft on America.

"The realization of civil rights for all Americans, which is really the story of 20th century America..." We did not realize civil rights in the 20th century, we made progress. Homosexuals still can't marry. A bunch of consensual crimes are still illegal. If you accidentally show a nipple on television it becomes a huge crisis and you get fined and Christians still try to get evolution thrown out of school curriculum. Sheesh, you have self-defined liberals out there freaking out about video games. Civil liberties? We're a long way from it.

I think the real fight here is that when you say "inherently good," so many of us see stuff that is so darned wrong that we're just not willing to slap that label on it. The irony is that those of us who won't use the phrase "inherently good," won't use it because the status quo doesn't live up to the ideals (and also, to a lesser extent, that some of the ideals were stupid and need changing).

You're saying to judge the ideals. The ideals hold up rather well. They've just never been fully implemented.

[Michael Cohen]

Mike, let me say that you are much too hard on America. Honestly, talk about glass half empty. You say that America has not lived up to its ideals because homosexuals cant marry, but yet you ignore the extroardinary progress that homosexuals have made in this country over the past several decades. Fifteen or twenty years, sodomy was illegal in many places in America - yet in recent years you had the Supreme Court recognizing it as protected behavior under the Consitution. That is exactly the progress that I am talking about and yet you seem to completely discount it because we haven't achieved everything.

Moreover, you seem to completely discount the extroardinary progress we've made on civil rights in the 20th century. Need I remind you that until the 1960s we had de facto segregation in the South and now a black man is a prime candidate to be President of the United States. At the beginning of the 20th century women couldn't vote - now a woman is poised to be our next President.

On evolution, I miss your point completely. People advocate for creationaism - that's their right. But the fact is in pretty much every public school in America, children learn evolution. Where's the problem? What I find extraordinary is that most Americans dont believe in evolution yet still want their kids to learn it in school.

I'm sorry to say Mike, but I think you are missing the bigger picture here.

[Eric Martin]

Thanks for the responses Michael.

I'm sure you are tired of this debate, but I do believe that I was being respectful, honest and fair throughout. I do not believe that at any point I deliberately misconstrued your position, and if you feel that I have, I apologize.

The good news is, we agree that this nations institutions are, indeed, good.

I think our only point of disconnect is the question of to what extent this makes our "nation," as some distinct entity separate from the people that inhabit it, inherently good. I believe that America has an amazing capacity for good, and that our institutions do provide a self-correcting mechanism that is (in relative historical terms) a marvel to behold. On sum, I believe that our nation has triumphed over its shortcomings more than succumbed or remained beholden.

My problem with using the term "inherent" to freely is that, by definition, it connotes a permanent and immutable state of goodness. That scares me because there is nothing permanent about America's goodness. Rather, America's goodness is only born out of the vigilance of its citizens - who have the good fortune of operating in a system that can, eventually, reward such vigilance with progress to the good.

Either way, I think I understand your position better now, and thanks for that.

One quibble:

Need I remind you that until the 1960s we had de facto segregation in the South

Don't you mean "de jure," not "de facto"? Wasn't it actually legally sanctioned segregation, and not just as a matter of course?

[monad]

The biggest problem with the notion of "inherent goodness" is that in the minds of many it serves to quasi-magically immunize America from what ought to be straightforward moral assessment of her actions in the world. Disastrous, death-dealing foreign misadventures, for example, are somehow not subject to normal criticism because America is "inherently good" and thus could not have anything other than the noblest of intentions. It's of a piece with the notion of "American exceptionalism."

[Michael Cohen]

Eric, it's a great point you raise and let me say again that the phrase "inherently" good is not one that I coined in this debate. It may not be the most elegant word for describing my thoughts.

Having said that, I can understand your concern over the notion of permanent American goodness. There are times and places where that goodness can be used to do terrible things (See: Bush Administraton; 2001 - 2007). But as you state, we "have the good fortune of operating in a system that can, eventually, reward such vigilance with progress to the good." That to me is the inherent nature of American goodness (God, that's a hackneyed expression).

On to this question of individuals in the nation and their inherent goodness that produces some tough questions. I need to think about that one a bit, but I would say that America is a unqiue place. We are defined more by an idea than a sense of ethnic or religious heritage. I think that is, in some measure, the root of our success: to be an American you don't need be of any particular race, religion or ethnic background - you just need to subscribe to the founding ideals that I spoke of earlier. Doesn't mean all Americans are inherently good, but the body politic, by adhering to those ideals, I suppose is.

Those are just some rough thoughts - and I just got off a plane - so maybe I'll write some more later.

[Don Bacon]

Isn't it disingenuous for Americans to appraise American goodness?

Let's ask a more realistic cohort, the world.

from a recent Pew Global Report:
A 47-nation survey finds global public opinion increasingly wary of the world's dominant nations and disapproving of their leaders. Anti-Americanism is extensive, as it has been for the past five years.

The U.S. image remains abysmal in most Muslim countries in the Middle East and Asia, and continues to decline among the publics of many of America's oldest allies. Favorable views of the U.S. are in single digits in Turkey (9%) and have declined to 15% in Pakistan. Currently, just 30% of Germans have a positive view of the U.S. – down from 42% as recently as two years ago – and favorable ratings inch ever lower in Great Britain and Canada.

On the plus side, the US is viewed more favorably in Ivory Coast, Kenya and Ghana than it is in the US itself.
http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=256

[Don Bacon]

Here's some "inherent American goodness":

BAGHDAD, Oct. 12 — The American military said on Friday that it was vigorously investigating a Thursday evening airstrike on a stronghold of insurgent leaders northwest of Baghdad that also killed nine children and six women. The civilian toll is one of the highest to result from a single American military action since the beginning of the Iraq war. Rear Adm. Greg Smith, an American military spokesman here, said the killings were “absolutely regrettable,” but blamed the enemy fighters for engaging American forces while using civilians as a shield.

Imagine, Iraqis resisting the four-year military occupation of their country had the audacity to be in a house with women and children! Why aren't they out in the desert with a bulls-eye on their tent? Well, just like in Haditha, that makes them all fair game for a shot of American goodness. They should know better. Anyhow, God will sort them out.

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Kaplan is a nationalist, not in the liberal internationalist sense, but more in the Greco-Roman sense of idealizing the nation – as a territory, as a sacred ground to be defended - rather than the ideas, or ideals, the nation purports to hold. Kaplan, like many on the Right, longs for something worth fighting for

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