David Brooks' Shot at Foreign Aid Posted by David Shorr

In his trademark fashion, David Brooks crams a lot of issues into his critique today of US reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan: ambitious government initiatives, social engineering, the poverty-violence link (known in the trade as "greed v. grievance"), the (in)effectiveness of foreign aid, and smart power foreign policy. Whew. Your humble blogger won't attempt to tackle all of these subjects -- nor even offer a verdict on the stabilization efforts in Afghanistan. But I do want to address the question of effectiveness, and its implications for smart power.

On that issue, we have a problem of how we look at / talk about foreign aid, and Brooks' wide-roaming critique is symptomatic. Just look at the different rubrics he mentions in his assessment of Afghanistan: health, education, economic growth, stability, violence, employment of the most highly educated, and corruption / governance. Apart from any assumptions about links between quality of life and instability -- Brooks' main line of criticism -- to judge aid effectiveness fairly we need to distinguish among the varied objectives of different aid efforts, and overcome our tendency to lump them together.

So when Brooks laments over the vain efforts "to learn from past foreign aid disappointments" and the "discouraging results," he needs to know that some of the lessons learned by aid professionals tend to be obscured by the way pundits elide the different categories and objectives of aid.

David Brooks, meet Jean Arkedis, author of a Center for Global Development paper that summarizes practitioners' concerns over the tangled mandates and purposes of aid:

Most commentators recognize that aid is used as a tool to advance development, to promote strategic interests, and to address humanitarian needs, but they often fail to recognize how and where these interests are at odds and where they may be mutually reinforcing.

It's true, there is a certain sloppiness to the debate over aid effectiveness. Foreign aid is a matter of matching goals to local realities and choosing among objectives that involve trade-offs. All too often, the critique of aid effectiveness is disconnected from those choices. As a long-time proponent of the smart power idea of combining development, diplomacy, and defense (known in the trade as "3-D security"), I found the Arkedis paper instructive in pointing out that foreign aid -- far from being focused principally on economic development -- is spread across all three of the "Ds." Indeed, one result of being more rigorous in distinguishing categories and purposes of aid is to show what portion of aid is aimed at development, versus relief, stabilization, health, education, military professionalization, or good relations with a strategically important country.

So where does this leave the smart power approach to foreign policy? Brooks is correct that progress in other countries proceeds along different tracks and time lines. But for every time Secretary Clinton has talked about the varied tools in the smart power tool box, she has also highlighted the challenge of working simultaneously on "the urgent, the important, and the long-term."

We don't even need to be quite so patient as Brooks indicates, when he talks about development requiring not merely years or decades, but generations. Just look at the progress achieved in South Korea or China within the span of a single generation or in Brazil or India within less than a decade's time. We need patience, yes, but clarity even more.

Photo credit: USAID / Jhpiego

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